https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:41131 Wed 27 Jul 2022 11:10:22 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:45274 Wed 26 Oct 2022 20:10:58 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:46481 Wed 24 May 2023 13:04:59 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:46371 Wed 16 Nov 2022 09:20:48 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:15929 Wed 11 Apr 2018 16:27:35 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:27947 Wed 11 Apr 2018 14:50:35 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:17231 K,L. A similar current was first observed at 15 WG but remained relatively small, even at 18 WG. The presence of a “collapsing” tail current indicates a maturing type I hair cell phenotype and suggests the presence of a surrounding calyx afferent terminal. We were also able to record from calyx afferent terminals in 15–18 WG cristae. In voltage clamp, these terminals exhibited fast inactivating inward as well as slower outward conductances, and in current clamp, discharged a single action potential during depolarizing steps. Together, these data suggest the major functional characteristics of type I and type II hair cells and calyx terminals are present by 18 WG. Our study also describes a new preparation for the functional investigation of key events that occur during maturation of human vestibular organs.]]> Wed 11 Apr 2018 14:41:28 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:17232 2+_ concentration but may influence mitochondrial function as both antioxidant treatments modulated mitochondrial membrane potential. These suggest that the antioxidant-sensitive subpopulations of LC neurons may be more susceptible to oxidative stress (e.g., due to ATP depletion and/or overactivation of Ca²⁺_ dependent pathways). Indeed it may be that this subpopulation of LC neurons is preferentially destroyed in neurological pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease. If this is the case, there may be a protective role for antioxidant therapies.]]> Wed 11 Apr 2018 14:36:25 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:14215 Wed 11 Apr 2018 13:17:12 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:13807 2 wk after inflammation). Blinded outcomes were used in 42% studies, randomization in 10%, and evidence of visceral inflammation in 54%. Only 3 studies fulfilled our criteria for high methodological quality, and no study reported sample size calculations. Conclusions: The included studies provide strong evidence for CNS plasticity following GIT inflammation, specifically in the spinal cord dorsal horn. This evidence includes altered visceromotor responses and indices of referred pain, elevated neural activation and peptide content, and increased neuronal excitability. This evidence supports continued use of this approach for preclinical studies; however, there is substantial scope to improve study design.]]> Wed 11 Apr 2018 12:29:12 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:14529 18 years old, reported weight status, and included fMRI outcomes. Sixty studies were identified that investigated the neural responses of healthy weight participants (n = 26), healthy weight compared to obese participants (n = 17), and weight-loss interventions (n = 12). High-calorie food images were used in the majority of studies (n = 36), however, image selection justification was only provided in 19 studies. Obese individuals had increased activation of reward-related brain areas including the insula and orbitofrontal cortex in response to visual food cues compared to healthy weight individuals, and this was particularly evident in response to energy dense cues. Additionally, obese individuals were more responsive to food images when satiated. Meta-analysis of changes in neural activation post-weight loss revealed small areas of convergence across studies in brain areas related to emotion, memory, and learning, including the cingulate gyrus, lentiform nucleus, and precuneus. Differential activation patterns to visual food cues were observed between obese, healthy weight, and weight-loss populations. Future studies require standardization of nutrition variables and fMRI outcomes to enable more direct comparisons between studies.]]> Wed 11 Apr 2018 10:57:34 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:18904 Wed 11 Apr 2018 10:50:42 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:7526 Wed 11 Apr 2018 10:11:50 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:34069 in vivo preparation and patch-clamp electrophysiology to test whether the synaptic and intrinsic properties of superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons are altered 5 days after the induction of mild colitis in adult male mice (i.e. during acute inflammation of the colon). Whole-cell recordings were made from lumbosacral (L6-S1) superficial dorsal horn neurons (SDH), in animals under isoflurane anesthesia. Noxious colorectal distension (CRD) was used to identify SDH neurons with colonic inputs, while stimulation of the hind paw and tail was employed to assess convergent cutaneous input. Following inflammation, a significantly increased proportion of SDH neurons received both colonic and cutaneous inputs, compared to neurons in naïve animals. In addition, the nature and magnitude of responses to CRD and cutaneous stimulation differed in inflamed animals, as was spontaneous excitatory synaptic drive. Conversely, several measures of intrinsic excitability were altered in a manner that would decrease SDH network excitability following colitis. We propose that during inflammation, sensitization of colonic afferents results in increased signaling to the SDH. This is accompanied by plasticity in SDH neurons whereby their intrinsic properties are changed to compensate for altered afferent activity.]]> Wed 06 Feb 2019 09:51:23 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:48765 Wed 05 Apr 2023 13:55:44 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:41419 Wed 03 Aug 2022 11:59:22 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:47016 Tue 13 Dec 2022 12:23:37 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:34545 GlyT2^GFP and GAD67^GFP mice showed the majority of inhibitory LDPNs project either ipsilaterally or adjacent to the midline. Additionally, we used several transgenic mouse lines to define the developmental provenance of LDPNs and found that V2b positive neurons form a subset of ipsilaterally projecting LDPNs. Finally, a population of Neurobiotin (NB) labelled LDPNs were assessed in detail to examine morphology and plot the spatial distribution of contacts from a variety of neurochemically distinct axon terminals. These results provide important baseline data in mice for future work on their role in locomotion and recovery from SCI.]]> Tue 03 Sep 2019 18:26:15 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:36209 c but does not exclude action at intracellular microdomains. Further to this, the incubation of slices with cytochalasin D, an agent that depolymerises the actin cytoskeleton, inhibited the hyperpolarizing response indicating an involvement of the actin cytoskeleton. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a crosstalk between mitochondria and L-type Ca²⁺ channels leading to modulation of noradrenergic neuronal activity mediated by the actin cytoskeleton.]]> Tue 03 Mar 2020 15:35:08 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:45401 Thu 27 Oct 2022 17:29:15 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:45038 Thu 27 Oct 2022 13:52:31 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:44697 Thu 20 Oct 2022 09:51:36 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:44060 Thu 06 Oct 2022 10:19:32 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:9604 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:39:39 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:1544 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:30:44 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12355 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:18:31 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12449 40 mV shift of the K⁺ equilibrium potential and a rise in effective K⁺ concentration (>50 mM) in the intercellular space. Together these data suggest K⁺ accumulation in the intercellular space accounts for the different responses in isolated and embedded type I hair cells. To test this notion, we exposed the preparation to hyperosmotic solutions to enlarge the intercellular space. As predicted, the K⁺ accumulation effects were reduced; however, a fit of our data with a classic diffusion model suggested K⁺ permeability, rather than the intercellular space, had been altered by the hyperosmotic change. These results support the notion that under depolarizing conditions Substantial K⁺ accumulation occurs in the space between type I hair cells and calyx. The extent of K⁺ accumulation during normal synaptic transmission, however, remains to be determined.]]> Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:17:49 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12503 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:15:54 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:12308 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:11:38 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:10399 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:08:45 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:21485 Salmonella enteritidis) or saline on postnatal days (PNDs) 3 and 5 and later subjected to the formalin test at PNDs 7, 13, and 22. One hour after formalin injection, blood was collected to assess corticosterone responses. Transverse spinal cord slices were also prepared for whole-cell patch clamp recording from lumbar superficial dorsal horn neurons (SDH). Brains were obtained at PND 22 and the hypothalamus was isolated to measure glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) transcript expression using qRT-PCR. Behavioural analyses indicate that at PND 7, no significant differences were observed between saline- or LPS-challenged rats. At PND 13, LPS-challenged rats exhibited enhanced licking (p < .01), and at PND 22, increased flinching in response to formalin injection (p < .05). LPS-challenged rats also displayed increased plasma corticosterone at PND 7 and PND 22 (p < .001) but not at PND 13 following formalin administration. Furthermore, at PND 22 neonatal LPS exposure induced decreased levels of GR mRNA and increased levels of MR mRNA in the hypothalamus. The intrinsic properties of SDH neurons were similar at PND 7 and PND 13. However, at PND 22, ipsilateral SDH neurons in LPS-challenged rats had a lower input resistance compared to their saline-challenged counterparts (p < .05). These data suggest neonatal LPS exposure produces developmentally regulated changes in formalin-induced behavioural responses, corticosterone levels, and dorsal horn neuron properties following noxious stimulation later in life. These findings highlight the importance of immune activation during the neonatal period in shaping pain sensitivity later in life. This programming involves both spinal cord neurons and the HPA axis.]]> Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:03:35 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:19673 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:01:12 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:20373 Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:58:12 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:21361 Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:51:24 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:25907 Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:27:51 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:45783 Sat 05 Nov 2022 12:42:10 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:35649 A receptors (GABA_ARs) and glycine receptors (GlyRs). To assess their relative contribution to inhibition in the MVN, we recorded miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in physiologically characterized type A and type B MVN neurons. Transverse brain stem slices were prepared from mice (3–8 wk old), and whole cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from visualized MVN neurons (CsCl internal; V_m = –70 mV; 23°C). In 81 MVN neurons, 69% received exclusively GABA_Aergic inputs, 6% exclusively glycinergic inputs, and 25% received both types of mIPSCs. The mean amplitude of GABA_AR-mediated mIPSCs was smaller than those mediated by GlyRs (22.6 ± 1.8 vs. 35.3 ± 5.3 pA). The rise time and decay time constants of GABAAR- versus GlyR-mediated mIPSCs were slower (1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 ms and 10.5 ± 0.3 vs. 4.7 ± 0.3 ms, respectively). Comparison of type A (n = 20) and type B (n = 32) neurons showed that type A neurons received almost exclusively GABA_Aergic inhibitory inputs, whereas type B neurons received GABA_Aergic inputs, glycinergic inputs, or both. Intracellular labeling in a subset of MVN neurons showed that morphology was not related to a MVN neuron's inhibitory profile (n = 15), or whether it was classified as type A or B (n = 29). Together, these findings indicate that both GABA and glycine contribute to inhibitory synaptic processing in MVN neurons, although GABA dominates and there is a difference in the distribution of GABA_A and Gly receptors between type A and type B MVN neurons.]]> Mon 30 Sep 2019 14:53:51 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:11331 Mon 30 Sep 2019 12:33:52 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:53289 Mon 27 Nov 2023 15:51:04 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:377 Mon 24 Sep 2018 16:15:03 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:181 FOG > SO, and slow-twitch always > slow-tonic. In terms of weighted cross-sectional area, which provides a coarse-grain measure of each fiber type's potential contribution to whole muscle force, all five muscles exhibited a higher Fg and lower SO contribution to cross-sectional area than suggested by their corresponding fiber-type prevalence. This was also the case for the slow-twitch vs. slow-tonic fibers. We conclude that slow-tonic fibers are widespread in turtle muscle. The weighted cross-sectional area evidence suggested, however, that their contribution to force generation is minor except in highly oxidative muscles, with a special functional role, like TeC4. There is discussion of: 1) the relationship between the present results and previous work on homologous neck and hindlimb muscles in other nonmammalian species, and 2) the potential motoneuronal innervation of slow-tonic fibers in turtle hindlimb muscles. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.]]> Mon 24 Sep 2018 16:14:33 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:32869 Mon 23 Sep 2019 14:06:11 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:47389 Mon 16 Jan 2023 15:45:43 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:54764 Mon 11 Mar 2024 15:00:48 AEDT ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:50760 24 months) mice had impaired performance in a balance beam task compared to young (3-4 months) adult mice. While there was no qualitative loss of cholinergic axon varicosities in the crista ampullaris of old mice, qPCR analysis revealed reduced expression of nicotinic receptor subunit genes Chrna1, Chrna9, and Chrna10 in the cristae of old relative to young mice. Functionally, single-cell patch clamp recordings taken from type II vestibular hair cells exposed to acetylcholine show reduced conductance through alpha9/10 subunit-containing nicotinic receptors in older mice, despite preserved passive membrane properties and voltage-activated conductances. These findings suggest that cholinergic signaling in the peripheral vestibular sensory organs is vulnerable to aging processes, manifesting in dynamic molecular and functional age-related changes. Given the importance of these organs to our everyday activities, and the dramatic increase in fall incidence in the elderly, further investigation into the mechanisms of altered peripheral vestibular function in older humans is warranted.]]> Mon 07 Aug 2023 14:22:26 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:41076 Fri 22 Jul 2022 17:04:19 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:35648 -/-) mice. Immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase revealed there were no obvious gross morphological differences in the peripheral EVS innervation among any of these strains. ACh application onto wt type II hair cells, at resting potentials, produced a fast inward current followed by a slower outward current, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and decreased membrane resistance. Hyperpolarization and decreased resistance were due to gating of SK channels. Consistent with activation of a9*nAChRs and SK channels, these ACh-sensitive currents were antagonized by the a9*nAChR blocker strychnine and SK blockers apamin and tamapin. Type II hair cells from a9^-/- mice, however, failed to respond to ACh at all. These results confirm the critical importance of a9nAChRs in efferent modulation of mammalian type II vestibular hair cells. Application of exogenous ACh reduces electrical impedance, thereby decreasing type II hair cell sensitivity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Expression of a9 nicotinic subunit was crucial for fast cholinergic modulation of mammalian vestibular type II hair cells. These findings show a multifaceted efferent mechanism for altering hair cell membrane potential and decreasing membrane resistance that should reduce sensitivity to hair bundle displacements.]]> Fri 18 Aug 2023 10:20:28 AEST ]]> https://novaprd-lb.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:39675 Fri 17 Jun 2022 15:32:12 AEST ]]>